美國語言哲學(xué)家保爾·格賴斯認(rèn)為, 自然語言有自己的邏輯。在會話中, 說話人和聽話人首先必須愿意合作。同時, 他還提出了會話原則。
在合作原則下, 人們在交際中要遵守如下四個準(zhǔn)則：數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則、質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則、關(guān)聯(lián)準(zhǔn)則和方式準(zhǔn)則。
一、數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則（The Maxim of Quantity）
數(shù)量準(zhǔn)則：使自己所說的話達(dá)到當(dāng)前交談目的所要求的詳盡程度, 但也不能使自己所說的話比所要求的更詳盡。證券行情報(bào)道開門見山, 直截了當(dāng), 所報(bào)道的內(nèi)容翔實(shí), 沒有一個多余的詞。舉例如下。
The Dow Jones industrial average, which on Tuesday eclipsed its old high from May 2015, gained another 0.1%, or 24 points, to finish at a new closing high of 18372.12. Finishing basically flat was the S&P500, butitstiny0.01%gain was good enough for a new closing milestone of 2152.43.（Adam Shell, 2016）（周二, 道·瓊斯工業(yè)平均指數(shù)創(chuàng)下了自2015年5月以來的新高, 又上漲了24點(diǎn), 漲幅0.1%, 以歷史新高18372.12點(diǎn)收盤。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)基本以平盤報(bào)收, 但微漲0.01%, 這足以使其以新的歷史最高點(diǎn)2152.43收盤。）這一段雖然篇幅不長, 但涵蓋了所有的必要信息, 僅用兩句話就把美國股市的情況報(bào)道清楚了。報(bào)道細(xì)致入微, 但無贅言。小數(shù)點(diǎn)都非常精確, 如：以歷史新高18372.12點(diǎn)收盤。句子也很緊湊, 第一句相當(dāng)于四個句子, 即：周二道·瓊斯工業(yè)平均指數(shù)創(chuàng)下了自2015年5月以來的新高, 周二道·瓊斯工業(yè)平均指數(shù)上漲24點(diǎn), 周二道·瓊斯工業(yè)平均指數(shù)上漲0.01%, 周二道·瓊斯工業(yè)平均指數(shù)以歷史新高18372.12點(diǎn)收盤。而此報(bào)道用“which”引導(dǎo)一個定語從句, 用連詞“or”的短語, 再用不定式短語“to finish...”, 把句子靈活地連成一個井然有序的句子。第二句也相當(dāng)四個句子, 即：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾收盤, 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾漲幅, 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾漲幅盡管很小但足夠好, 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾創(chuàng)歷史新高收盤。文中用現(xiàn)在分詞短語“finishing...”、轉(zhuǎn)折連詞“but”、介詞短語“for”將它們巧妙地結(jié)合成一個句子。
二、質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則（The Maxim of Quality）
質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則：不要說自己認(rèn)為不真實(shí)的話, 不要說自己缺乏足夠證據(jù)的話。為了使證券行情報(bào)道更真實(shí)形象, 如同行情就在投資者眼前進(jìn)行一樣, 證券行情報(bào)道使用現(xiàn)在時, 即一般現(xiàn)在時、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時, 對現(xiàn)在有影響的現(xiàn)在完成時。舉例如下。
Stocks That feast During Thanksgiving WeekThe Thanksgiving week often is a bullish feast for stock investors, with the S&P500 stock index posting average returns of 0.63% the past 50 years, above the punier 0.14% gain in all weeks, according to Schaeffer's Investment Research.
Investors looking to profit from the positive vibes of what's left of the holiday-shortened Thanksgiving week should keep their money in the stock market.
U.S. stocks have posted average gains of 0.33% on the Wednesday before turkey day, closing positive 82% of the time. Similarly, the S&P500 has gained 0.27% on average on the Friday after Thanksgiving, finishing up 70% of the time. (One caveat: Stock shave finished down the Friday after Thanksgiving five of the past six years, Schaeffer's Investment Research says.
But investors looking to really cash in during the Thanksgiving week should consider stocks that have fared the best the past 10 years. The best-performing stock over the last decade in the four-session trading week is upscale fashion retailer Nordstrom, which has posted average returns of 6.4%. This year the retailer is living up to its reputation, gaining 4.6% through Tuesday. Coach, the high-end maker of leather goods and hand bags, also is a solid pick, gaining 5.5% on average since 2005 and rallying more than5% this week. Other winners: high-end jewelry maker Tiffany and iPhone maker Apple. So far this week, Tiffany shares are moving higher, but Apple shares have dipped（Adam Shell, 2015）這篇證券行情的報(bào)道一共使用了十四個謂語動詞，其中六個是一般現(xiàn)在時，六個現(xiàn)在完成時，兩個現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時。
證券行情報(bào)道的標(biāo)題通常情況下使用一般現(xiàn)在時。
為了證實(shí)說的是真話，沒有虛假掩飾，證券行情報(bào)道都用原話，也就是使用直接引語。直接引語是新聞的重要組成部分，是對事件的直接描述，真實(shí)、有感情，能讓讀者感受到現(xiàn)場的氣氛。此外，還可以增強(qiáng)新聞的人情味、感染力。言為心聲，在新聞中，直接引語最能傳達(dá)出說話者的心情感受，感染讀者。新聞中人物怎樣說的，說了什么，有無隱含意思，恰當(dāng)?shù)闹苯右Z完全能夠表達(dá)出來，包括說話者的情感心態(tài)，即使這種情感比較復(fù)雜。
